GENDER It has been shown that due to minor differences in joint structures and connective-tissue anatomy, women have slightly greater ROM than men for most joint motions. With a sample of 190 male and female subjects ranging in age from 18 to 88 years, Bell and Hoshizaki (1981) measured 17 joint actions in eight specific joints. The female subjects did have greater overall flexibility than the males. In an assessment of the upper-body joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, trunk and neck) of a group of 41 subjects (22 young male and female subjects aged 25–35 years and 19 mature male and female subjects aged 65–80 years), Doriot and Wang (2006) also found females to have significantly greater ROM in several joint actions. However, these researchers note that the effect of gender on ROM is much less than that of age.
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